China’s Steel Makers Undercut Rivals as Trade Debate Intensifies

CARDIFF, Wales — With thunderous roars and flashes of blue light, an electric arc furnace at a steel mill in this industrial city melts 170 tons of scrap metal at a time, made into reinforcing bars for construction projects across Britain.

The furnace, decked out with all the latest gear, helps reduce costs by relying on local scrap instead of imported materials. It was part of a broad $500 million investment plan to make the steel mill competitive and profitable.

But China has stymied the strategy.

The steel mill, owned by the privately held Celsa Group of Spain, cannot compete with Chinese rivals, which offered products at 20 percent below prevailing rates in Britain. Celsa estimates that Chinese companies at one point accounted for about half of the region’s sales in a certain type of reinforcing bar, up from essentially nothing just four years ago.

China’s Steel Makers Undercut Rivals as Trade Debate Intensifies 1

“It’s nice to have free trade, but it has to be fair,” said Luis Sanz, the managing director for British operations at Celsa.

The steel industry sits at the crux of a major debate playing out across the world economy, which a looming change in the global trade rules could soon intensify.
Graphic

Why China Rattles the World

China’s economy is faltering, prompting concerns that are now shaking global stock markets.
OPEN Graphic

As China’s economy has slowed, the country’s manufacturers, in varied areas like solar panels, tires, aluminum, and shoes, have been in a desperate hunt to maintain sales and avoid layoffs. Looking beyond their borders, many are offering rock-bottom prices to win orders.

The heavy discounting has fed a backlash. Politicians like the American presidential candidates Donald J. Trump and Bernie Sanders are railing against free trade, saying the rules hurt domestic workers. Countries are crying foul, claiming that Chinese exporters are dumping goods.

And the dynamics are getting more complicated, as a crucial provision of global trade rules expires in December.
Continue reading the main story.

When China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001, the country was labeled a nonmarket economy at the United States and Europe’s insistence. The technical designation makes proving that China is dumping goods in foreign markets easier, allowing countries to slap tariffs on those products. In March, the United States imposed a 266 percent tariff on certain Chinese steelmakers for selling below cost.

Calculating production costs in China is tricky. The true costs are often obscured by politically guided policies that benefit companies, including state-backed loans at below-market interest rates and free land for job-creating factories.

Given China’s designation in the W.T.O., the United States, Europe, and others can use a proxy country, a locale with a similar level of income and better data like Poland, Thailand, or South Africa, to help determine production costs. The proxy countries often have higher prices than China, which has greater economies of scale.
Business By JONAH M. KESSEL 4:59
To Understand Renminbi, Follow the Bacon
Video
To Understand Renminbi, Follow the Bacon

From market to table, pork can explain much about what’s going on with China’s turbulent currency markets. By JONAH M. KESSEL on Publish Date August 14, 2015. Photo by Adam Dean for The New York Times. Watch the Times Video »

embed

ShareTweet

China is beginning a global lobbying push to bar the use of proxy countries. Chinese ministers have been meeting with overseas leaders and executives of businesses selling to China. The government is calling for W.T.O. members to “acknowledge China’s market economy status” and “to adopt the necessary measures as soon as possible,” the commerce ministry said in a faxed response to questions.

But the rules are somewhat ambiguous, complicating China’s efforts. The 2001 W.T.O. agreement explicitly authorizes proxy countries through December in cases against China, but it is silent about what happens afterward.

The Europeans and Americans are skeptical about whether China qualifies as a market economy. In a market economy, supply and demand are the guiding forces. In China, the government also plays a major role in dictating investments and strategy, even when a plant can close.

China’s policies have helped create extensive overcapacity. China makes 50 percent of the world’s steel, 55 percent of aluminum, and 60 percent of cement, even as its domestic demand has weakened.

“They’re nowhere near a market economy, and it’s delusional to think that they are,” said Leo W. Gerard, the United Steelworkers Union president.

The tensions have been palpable in steel.

Celsa and other Western steel manufacturers were destroyed by the global financial crisis that started in 2008, as demand sank and prices dropped. When the industry began to recover, they faced a growing competitive threat from China.
Photo
Steel wire rods of different sizes are stored in the rod and bar mill at Celsa Steel in Cardiff, Wales. Credit Tom Jamieson for The New York Times

In the last three years, Chinese steel exports more than doubled to 107 million metric tons, higher than the United States’ annual raw steel production. Prices fell steeply, although they have perked up lately on speculation of renewed demand in China.

The result has been a shakeout in steel.

Celsa has not turned a profit in seven years. ArcelorMittal, the world’s largest steelmaker, announced an annual loss of nearly $8 billion in February, blaming Chinese competition. Since the beginning of last year, United States Steel has cut 5,000 jobs and warned that thousands of others are at risk.

“Unfairly traded steel imports have reached historic levels in 2015 and 2016, taking almost 30 percent share of the domestic steel market,” Doug Matthews, a U.S. Steel executive, testified in a government hearing last month.

China faces its share of pain.

Hundreds of steelmakers are limping along, overloaded with debt and battered by weak prices. The chairman of Dongbei Special Steel, a large Chinese company, hanged himself in March, days before the company began defaulting on loans.

The global downturn has created a political firestorm. In February, thousands of steelworkers marched in Brussels, the European Union’s headquarters, demanding protection from Chinese products.

The issue flared up again when Tata Steel announced plans to sell or close its money-losing business in Britain, prompting calls for an emergency session of Parliament. Tata has found takers for some of its plants, but about 11,000 jobs in Britain remain at risk.
Photo
A view of Tata Steel in Port Talbot, Wales. Credit Tom Jamieson for The New York Times

“Effective antidumping measures have to be implemented as quickly as possible,” said Wolfgang Eder, chief executive of Voestalpine, one of Europe’s largest steelmakers, warning that “many thousands more E.U. jobs are under severe threat.”

The political mess could set up a standoff over the W.T.O. rules since they are one of the industry’s main defense mechanisms.

The Obama administration has pressed China to follow through on promises of market-oriented reforms to help level the playing field. The administration has not taken a public position on whether to repeal proxy country procedures for China, which would require legislation.

Getting legislation through Congress is even more difficult than usual this year. Trade is a touchy subject in the presidential election. The administration’s trade priority is to win congressional approval of the Trans-Pacific Partnership with China’s regional economic rivals, including Japan and Vietnam.

Europe, which is just considering the issue, is looking at a compromise by toughening penalties against China while still conferring market status on the country. Doing nothing “may well create new and serious frictions in our bilateral relationship with China,” Cecilia Malmström, the European trade commissioner, said in a speech in March, adding that three million jobs in Europe depend on sales to China.

The two-way relationship is what makes the trade rules so complex.

If China does not prevail, some players worry about getting stuck with insufficient and high-cost goods from local factories. “We don’t want locals to go out of business, but we want it to be free and fair,” said Jeffrey Kabel, the chairman of the International Steel Trade Association, a group in London that represents the entire steel food chain, including traders, producers, and users. A big worry among customers, he said, is that they “won’t have a choice for buying.”

On the flip side, the Celsa production line, with its glowing metal rods, employs about 750 people. Mr. Sanz said the plant was not yet ready to start layoffs, although the jobs could not be guaranteed.

“We want the fair competition to see who survives,” he said.