Income Determination – Concept of Consumption and Its Relationship With Savings and Investment

Consumption is the total quantity of goods and services purchased and used by consumers during a specified period. Consumption is also described as expenditure on goods and services at a given period. It is the expression of total consumer demand. Types of Consumption include durable goods, nondurable goods, and services. Durable goods involve consumption expenditure on certain items that are durable, e.g., houses, vehicles, furniture, machines, etc.; nondurable interests involve consumption expenditure on goods that are not durable in nature, e.g., food, clothing, water, etc. Services involve consumption expenditure on general services, e.g., legal, medical, entertainment, and educational fees.

Income Determination - Concept of Consumption and Its Relationship With Savings and Investment 1

Factors that determine the level of Consumption are:

1. Savings: The level of savings influences Consumption. High savings influence Consumption and tend to reduce it.

2. Level of income: The higher the payment, the higher the level of Consumption.

3. Availability of credit facilities: Credit facilities for individuals or firms tend to increase Consumption.

4. Income distribution: Equitable distribution of national income will increase individuals’ disposable income, thereby increasing Consumption.

5. Possession of assets: Revenue generated by assets increases their owners’ income, which tends to raise Consumption.

6. Rate of taxation: High taxation reduces people’s income, reducing Consumption.

7. An Interest rate: If the interest rate received is high, it will generally increase the income, leading to a rise in Consumption.

8. Profit earned: High profits made by individuals or firms increase income, resulting in a rise in Consumption.

9. Future expectation: The expectation of a rise in the prices of goods and services will lead to an increase in consumption expenditure and vice versa.

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Relationship between savings, Investment, and Consumption

Savings, investment, and Consumption are closely related. We save to accumulate capital for investment and many other personal reasons. There will be no investment without savings. Investment, in turn, creates employment and income for people. Without it and, therefore, without pay, we shall have nothing to save or spend on consumer goods and services.

What we do not spend is what is saved. Consumption, therefore, is affected by decisions to spend. If we spend all our income, there will be no capital accumulation for investment. Therefore, the community’s income comprises savings, investment, and Consumption. Savings, investment, and Consumption are related to income with the use of the following formula:
Y= C + S
Y= C + I
S= I, where Y is income, C is consumption expenditure, and I is investment expenditure.

Propensities to Consume

Propensities to consume can be in two groupings:

I. Average propensity to consume (APC): The APC is the proportion of the national income consumed. The total national Consumption is divided by the total national income used to calculate APC. The formula is:
APC Total National Consumption/Total National Income = C/Y.

For example, Belarus’s total national income is $20 million, and the entire national Consumption is $5 million. To find the APC, it will be $5m/$20m = 0.4

II. Marginal propensity to consume (MPC)
The MPC is defined as the relationship between income and consumption changes. It shows the extent to which the level of Consumption changes due to a change in income. It, therefore, shows the proportion of any addition to pay used for Consumption.
MPC = changes in consumption/Changes in income = dC/dY

For example, if the monthly income of an individual increases from $10,000 to $15,000 and increases his level of Consumption from $4,000 to $6,000, his marginal propensity to consume can be calculated as follows:
Initial income per month of $10,000
Net income per month= $15,000
Changes in income (dY) = $15,000-$10,000= $5,000
Initial Consumption per month= $4,000
New Consumption per month= $6,000
Changes in Consumption (DC)= $6,000-$4,000= $2,000.
MPC= dC/dY= $2,000/$5,000= 0.4 This is low and good for his savings and financial growth.

Propensity to save
This is also in two groups

The average propensity to save: The average inclination measures the proportion of income saved (not spent on Consumption). It shows the expected amount of savings at different income levels.

APS= Total National Savings/Total National Income = S/Y
The APS increases with increasing income. As the level of income increases, one can save more money.
Note that APC + APS = 1.

For example, if the Makama Incorporation firm earns $80 billion and spends $50 billion on the procurement of working materials, the APS of the firm would be;
Total income: $80 billion
Total expenditure= $50 billion
Total savings = Total income – Total expenditure = $80 billion – $50 billion = $30 billion
Therefore, APS = Total savings/total income = $30 billion/$80 billion = 0.38